Depends on the task: choose NumPy for pure numerical computation on homogeneous arrays, where speed and low memory overhead matter most; choose Pandas for labeled, tabular data with mixed types, missing values, or grouping and joins. Pandas 3.0, released in January 2026, still builds its default numeric columns on top of NumPy arrays, so the two aren't really rivals as much as a low-level engine and a higher-level tool built on it.
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